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The structure of ad breaks

(December 2004)

This site closed in March 2021 and is now a read-only archive
BR
Brekkie
UK terrestrial TV has a very standard structure of four ad breaks an hour, usually three "within" an hour long programme (one within a 30 minute programme) and one before the next programme (exceptions for films and sport).

However, in other countries the structure is very different, with shorter ad breaks more often. In the US and Australia there are six breaks within an hour long programme, but no commerical breaks at the junction before the next programme. Note though that when making programmes in the US / Australia they take this into account.

ABC1 on Freeview and Cable will adopt a similar system when it begins carrying ads within the next few weeks, aimed at keeping viewers inherited from one programme viewing the next.

Currently ABC1 shows promos after the opening titles and before the final scene and closing credits, so whether ads will be used just here, or also at the mid-point of the programme, I can't confirm.

So here is a thread to discuss the structure of adverts on UK television. Noting that any changes would be strange at first, viewers soon adapt as they did when the number of commercial breaks for an hour long programme was increased from three to four. Also, while obviously your opinion as a viewer is very important, what do you think is best from the TV companies point of view.

Personally I would be willing to accept an extra ad break in each programme in return for ditching commercials between programmes - and I think that would benefit the TV companies who are always looking for ways to keep viewers watching from one programme to the next - and in theory, for good programmes at least, advertisers will generally pay more to advertise within programmes than before the next programme.

This would make 30 minute shows like Emmerdale split into three parts ( e.g 6-12-6. ), with hour long shows such as The Bill split into five parts ( eg 6-12-12-12-6. ). Trailers would be shown after each commercial break and possibly in the junctions between programmes (max 2 trailers, otherwise it defeats the point!). This would just be a change in the structure of ad breaks - there would be no overall increase in the amount of advertising.

(splitting programmes in the way suggested means 15 minutes between the start of each internal part)

While the above would be my preferred solution, a format similar to the US / Australia is another possibility. While six ad breaks an hour sounds alot, it could mean shorter - but more - commercial breaks. Programmes are usually made to have ads straight after the titles (following the recap, opening scene) and just before the closing scene and credits, plus the break(s) mid-programme. No adverts are shown in between programmes.

Unless this system came into force across the main channels at pretty much the same time, it would be very risky, as for example ITV1 air their first ad break for The Bill before programmes on other channels even start, meaning a risk of losing viewers - especially to the BBC.

However, while in theory more adverts means more annoying, they can go by more unnoticed, for example with C4's cricket coverage. They screen one ad every couple of overs, plus a minute of ads for every wicket during play. As these are short breaks, you watch them. So possibly the six breaks an hour, with shorter breaks (at least for the first and last within a programme) could keep hold of viewers.

Please add your thoughts on this, and reply to the poll, and also share any further knowledge of ad structures around the world which differ to those above (and any corrections on what's described above, as it is second-hand information!).
Last edited by Brekkie on 22 December 2004 11:05pm - 2 times in total
:-(
A former member
Quote:
UK terrestrial TV has a very standard structure of four ad breaks an hour, usually three "within" an hour long programme (one within a 30 minute programme) and one before the next programme (exceptions for films and sport).


Which is only a fairly recent thing -- only a few years ago an hour-long programme would only have two breaks within the show, and films would have an ad-break on the half-hour rather than every 20 minutes.

Personally I couldn't care less when the ads are shown as I usually watch programmes through TiVo anyway and cut the ads out (have a 15-minute break through the start of an hour-long programme then wind past the adverts as they appear). To be honest I can't remember the last full break I sat through...
GJ
GJ05
none !! every hour, i would like to see a longer set of adverts in between programmes and a shorter set during the programme or none at all during short programmes, like the live footballl programmes on itv and sky.
PE
Pete Founding member
i still liked the old system of two breaks in an hour long show.

I agree with ditching the breaks between shows though, even if it did make the other breaks longer but I don't want more advert breaks in total.
CT
Chris Turnbull
As i said it the origionator of this thread, Ad breaks should (imho) be done like abc1 do.

if i ran a channel, i would use abc1's style of ad breaks, because most people i know change channels most during the ads at the end of programs. if it goes streight to the next program it helps get the viewer to interested in the next program.

And i've always said, the lower right side of the screen is where DOGs should be placed.
(they should also be more transparrent with no colours).
BR
Brekkie
I'm not sure what viewers would notice more - the "extra" standard ad break within programmes, or two shorter breaks near the beginning and end of each programme (US style).

You may notice that some UK programmes are ready made to insert ads at the beginning and end of the programme. For example, Max and Paddy have their opening scene then titles, before fading to black. The programme also fades to black before the closing scene.
:-(
A former member
Speaking of Max and Paddy, last one this week isn't it?
BR
Brekkie
Flextech TV posted:
Speaking of Max and Paddy, last one this week isn't it?


Yes, unfortunately.

Now back on topic, well not really...
jason posted:
Personally I couldn't care less when the ads are shown as I usually watch programmes through TiVo anyway and cut the ads out (have a 15-minute break through the start of an hour-long programme then wind past the adverts as they appear). To be honest I can't remember the last full break I sat through...


Considering all the fuss over so-called illegal downloading of music and movies etc, it suprising these TiVo's are actually legal. A useful devise if adverts are that annoying to you - although having a 15 minute break every hour would be even more annoying to me!, but not very pleasing to the TV companies and advertisers!
PO
Pootle5
I'd like to see a return to just 2 ad breaks within an hour long programme even if it makes them longer breaks. Any move to the American system with end credits and opening titles all over the place would make me video EVERYTHING so I can miss out tall the ad breaks so I can see the whole programme as intended by it's maker.
BR
Brekkie
Pootle5 posted:
I'd like to see a return to just 2 ad breaks within an hour long programme even if it makes them longer breaks. Any move to the American system with end credits and opening titles all over the place would make me video EVERYTHING so I can miss out tall the ad breaks so I can see the whole programme as intended by it's maker.


But most programmes are intended to include adverts. With ABC1 we now get to see US programmes how they were intended, and on the whole the structure works.

The only time there may be noticable disruption is a BBC programme on UKTV - although I'm sure with international sales even the BBC consider how to incorporate ads, or with international programmes.

Also, if a change was made there may be some noticable edits in the first few months if not all programmes were made to the new standard. This happened when TV went from three to four breaks per hour.
BR
Brekkie
Does any one have the current rules regarding the amount of ads per hour channels are currently allowed to run.

I know it's more in peak-time than off-peak, and ITV used to have a file on their website detailing the amount of ads in relation to the length of a programme, but I can't find it.

I can only fine the stuff about the 20-minute rule, in which for all "internal" parts 20 minutes must past between the start of one part and the start of the next.
BR
Brekkie
At the risk of answering my own question for the second time today (the other was finding the new look C4 ECP - see the new C4 logo thread!), I've found the information I was looking for on the OFCOM (needs updating!) website here: http://www.ofcom.org.uk/codes_guidelines/broadcasting/tv/advertising/rules_amount_scheduling_adv/?a=87101

The relevant parts come from section 1 and 5:
(Note A refers to Ch 3 (GMTV/ITV1), 4 and 5 / B refers to other channels)

Quote:
1.1.1(A)
(a) The total amount of advertising in any one day must not exceed an average of seven minutes per hour of broadcasting.

(c) In the periods 6pm–11pm and 7am–9am the total amount of advertising must not, without the Commission’s prior permission, exceed an average of eight minutes an hour on any one day.

(Other services)
1.1.2(B)
(a) The total amount of spot advertising in any one day must not exceed an average of nine minutes per hour (15 per cent) of broadcasting.
(b) This may be increased by a further three minutes per hour (5 per cent) devoted to teleshopping spots, but this additional 5 per cent must not be used for other forms of spot advertising.

Maximum amount in any one hour 1.2
In any one clock hour there must be no more than 12 minutes of advertising spots and/or teleshopping spots. (See Section 8 for teleshopping windows.)


So although ad breaks seem as if they go on forever nowaday, the average is just 7 mins an hour over the day - or 8 mins in peak time, with a maximum of 12 mins an hour.

That explains why ITV1 ditches adverts in the first hour of peak time (6-7pm) and over night. I guess C4 have to run ads over night due to airing no ads during school programmes in the morning.


Quote:
Placing of Breaks 5.1
Breaks within programmes may be taken only at a point where some interruption in continuity would, in any case, occur (even if there were no advertising) and such natural breaks must not damage the integrity or value of the programme in which they occur.

NOTE:
More detailed guidance on natural breaks is given in Section 6.

Programmes with ‘Autonomous Parts’ 5.2
In programmes made up of autonomous parts (eg magazine format programmes) breaks may be taken only in between the separate parts.

Events containing Intervals 5.3
In sports programmes and in coverage of similarly structured events or performances containing intervals, breaks may be taken only in the intervals.

Period Between Breaks 5.4
In the case of programmes other than those referred to in 5.2 and 5.3 above, a period of at least 20 minutes should normally elapse between each successive internal break. A slightly shorter interval is acceptable only where the interests of viewers would be better served by taking a break earlier (eg to fit in with a particularly suitable interruption of continuity). However, in such cases the programme must not contain more internal breaks than would be permissible by strict application of the 20-minute minimum separation principle.

Films 5.5
Feature films and films made for television (excluding series, serials, light entertainment and documentaries) must not carry an internal break if their scheduled duration is 45 minutes or less. Taking their scheduled duration as a whole, longer films may be interrupted once for each complete period of 45 minutes with a further break if scheduled duration is at least 20 minutes longer than two or more complete periods of 45 minutes. Thus:
films of 45 minutes or less no breaks;
between 46 and 89 minutes one break;
between 90 and 109 minutes two breaks;
between 110 and 135 minutes three breaks;
between 136 and 180 minutes four breaks;
between 181 and 225 minutes five breaks, etc.
(Additional for Channels 3-5)
Internal Breaks on Channels 3–5 5.6(A)

(a) In programmes of up to 20 minutes duration - no breaks.

NOTE 1
The normal use of internal breaks in longer programmes should be as follows:
(i) in programmes of 21- 44 minutes duration - one break
(ii) in programmes of 45-59 minutes duration - two breaks
(iii) in programmes of 60-89 minutes duration - three breaks
(iv) in programmes of 90-119 minutes duration - four breaks
(v) in programmes of 120-149 minutes duration - five breaks

NOTE 2
When inserting additional breaks in existing programmes licensees should take particular note of Section 6 following when selecting a ‘natural break’ point.

(b) The maximum duration of any break within a programme is three minutes fifty seconds, of which no more than three and a half minutes may be advertising and no more than 20 seconds may be programme promotion.
(c) The ITC may permit departures from the normal requirements in 5.6(a) if it is satisfied that these are justified for programming reasons.
(d) Limited departures from the pattern in 5.6(a) are also permissible in the case of coverage of certain sporting and similarly structured events where there are frequent natural breaks of brief duration. The distribution of advertising in such intervals must, however, have regard to the interests of good programme presentation and it will often be preferable for not all intervals to carry advertising.


So no ad break, including one 20 second promo, can be longer than 3 min 50 secs - and the 20 minute rule means that generally an internal part of a programme must begin 20 minutes after the last.

So even to change from the current format to 4 "internal" breaks an hour would require a change in OFCOM rules, with the 20 minute rule probably becoming the 15 minute rule (That allows a 6 minute first and last part, with 12 minute internal parts!).

Having read all that I'm not sure whether a channel would be permitted to insert an extra break, but only use it for self promotion (for example, a full screen NEXT promo plus a couple of trailers just before the credits roll!).

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